Free sample 1
Official problem 1 · Elementary number theory and probability
- Source locator
- Part M, Section 1, official problem 1, paper PDF page 2
- Review note
- Independently derived; exact enumeration checked; official-key match · 2026-07-27
Problem summary
Find the proportion of integers in the stated finite range that are relatively prime to the range endpoint.
Core idea
Count integers coprime to 63 with Euler's totient formula, then divide by the number of equally likely choices.
Derivation
- 1Factor the endpoint as 63 = 3² × 7.
- 2Euler's totient formula gives φ(63) = 63(1 − 1/3)(1 − 1/7) = 36.
- 3All 63 choices are equally likely, so the required probability is 36/63.
- 4Reduce the fraction to obtain 4/7.
Final answer
4/7





